According to Hairston and colleagues, because predation is more intense in terrestrial ecosystems, they consume a smaller percentage of autotroph biomass than aquatic habitats.
In contrast, according to Hairston (1993), the distribution of biomass throughout the trophic levels and the number of them are determined by ecosystems evolutionary features like body size and eating behavior rather than by energetics or nutrition. Only three functioning trophic levels are present in terrestrial ecosystems food webs, biomass according to Hairston & Hairston (1993). (plants, herbivores and primary predators)
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