In pathogenic bacteria, capsules serve as a major barrier between the bacterial surface and immune system components, delaying opsonophagocytosis or, in the case of Gram-negative bacteria, complement-mediated lysis.
The ability of capsules to mediate adhesion to surfaces, control access of certain molecules to the cell membrane, and improve desiccation resistance is crucial. Additionally, many pathogenic bacteria's capsules hinder phagocytosis and lessen complement-mediated death (22, 29, 30).
Certain bacteria are enclosed in a thick covering of sugar and protein called a capsule. Because they make it simpler for the germs to make you sick, capsules are regarded as pathogenicity factors.
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