The independent variable in this study is the chocolate frosting that Eleanor puts on her cupcakes.
An independent variable is a type of variable that can be found in an experiment. This variable is characterized by not being influenced by other variables. However, this influences the behavior of other variables.
Based on the above, it can be inferred that the chocolate frosting is the independent variable in this situation because, according to Eleanor, the consumer's experience with cupcakes depends on whether or not they have chocolate frosting.
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