Read the excerpt from "Island of Hope, Island of Tears."

Giuseppe D'Amico (Teresa's father) "had a hard time finding a job in America. He was an electrician by trade, but he couldn't get a job in Manhattan because the electricians were already unionized."

Which statement correctly identifies the cause-and-effect relationship?

The cause is Giuseppe D'Amico having a hard time finding a job, and the effect is living in Manhattan.
The cause is not getting a job in Manhattan, and the effect is being an electrician by trade.
The cause is electricians being unionized, and the effect is Giuseppe D'Amico having a hard time finding a job.
The cause is being an electrician by trade, and the effect is electricians being unionized in Manhattan.