General form of the gravity model that economists typically estimate is given​ by: upper t subscript ij baseline equals upper a times startfraction upper y subscript i superscript a baseline times upper y subscript j superscript b over upper d subscript ij superscript c endfraction . Empirical studies have found that the values of the​ exponents: ​'a​', ​'b​', and ​'c​' are very close​ to