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The two most basic types of bonds are characterized as either ionic or covalent. In ionic bonding, atoms transfer electrons to each other. ... In short, atoms with the same electronegativity share electrons in covalent bonds, because neither atom preferentially attracts or repels the shared electrons.

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An ionic bond is the strong electrostatic force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions of elements with significantly different electronegativities. This usually occurs between a metal and a non metal, although some ionic substances can have covalent character (polar covalent bonds) due to the high polarising power of the cation/the high polarisability of the anion (e.g. a large anion such as I- whose electron cloud is easily distorted) causing a pair of electrons to be drawn away from the anion and towards the middle of the cation and the anion, making the bond stronger.

A covalent bond is the strong electrostatic force of attraction between two positively charged nuclei and the shared pair of electrons between them. This usually occurs between two non metal atoms (of similar electronegativities).

Covalent bonds require more energy to break down, and are therefore stronger than ionic bonds.