After Johann Gutenberg's invention of movable type, typographic printing spread rapidly. By 1500, printing was practiced in over 140 towns throughout Europe. In addition to books, a vast array of ephemera, including religious tracts, pamphlets, and broadsides, were printed during this period. Books printed from Gutenberg's invention of typography until the end of the fifteenth century are referred to as _____________ texts, a Latin word that means "cradle" or "rebirth."