The Correct answer is "4".
The fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Empire signaled the beginning of "the Crusades". A series of religious wars led by the western monarchies in an attempt to repeal the advance of the Ottomans, which were a major power during the 16th century and practiced the Muslim Faith.
During this period, there was a process of exploration and colonization of territories in the American continent by these Western European monarchies.
