Answer:
Option (3)
Explanation:
The primary succession is usually defined as a type of ecological succession where the living species such as plants, animals, and microbes adapts to a completely new environment, which was never occupied by any other living organism. Those species colonizing initially in these newly explored areas are considered as the pioneer species. For example, lichens and bacteria.
The rocks that are formed from the solidification of magma on the surface, sand dunes and other rocks that are recently polished by the retreating glaciers are some of the areas where these pioneer species exist.
Thus, the correct answer is option (3).
